xLouis XIV

Political

· · Lois XIV’s reign lasted for 72 years from from 1643 to 1715- Longest reign in French history.

· · To make his power absolute and stop rebellions he built a huge palace at Versailles, established his court and moved the French Government.

· · This whole new reign emphasized his power.

· · Louis believed in the Divine right of kings- meaning that God had chosen him to govern France.

· · To make sure the royal authority had more power over the nobility he made all the nobility move to Versailles.

· · The nobles had to serve him at all times- dress him in the morning, hunt with him, and help him perform ceremonies at the court. This was his way to keep an eye on the nobility.

· · Versailles and Louis XIV became the absolute power in Europe.

He made his emblem the sun- whose rays symbolized the extent of his power.

· “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State – arrogance, most powerful

· “Sun King”

· Louis gives power and nutrients to grow like sun

· Influential – rays go everywhere

· Massive wars to gain more land

· Persecuted French Calvinists

· Revoked Edict of Nantes that allowed freedom of religion

· Arts

· Sponsored plays and music

· French artistic style became model of Europe

· Versailles

· Massive palace

· Symbol of wealth and power

· Ceremonies surrounded everyday life

· Government

· Absolute power

· Bureaucracy, officials carried out his policies

· Never convened Estates General

· Economy

· Mercantilism

· Tariffs on imports

· Encouraged industries and exploration

· Criticized because he left the country in debt from his spending spree on wars

· · One of Louis’s main advisers was Jean Baptiste Colbert, a finance expert who promoted economic development.

· · He tried to build up French industry by granting government subsidies to small companies to build new industries or strengthen theirs.

· · He placed high tariffs on foreign imports, improved transportation and replanted forests.

· · Colbert also tried to eliminate waste and corruption in the tax farming system.

· · With all these efforts he saved up so much money that he maintained a large army and supported exploration.

He also encouraged French companies to establish colonies and carry on trade in the Americas.

Military

· · Louis XIV hired Marquis de Louvois, a military genius to be the minister of war. He reorganized the army.

· · Soldiers were promoted on merit rather than commisions bought for them.

· · Officers and soldiers recieved extensive training and followed strict discipline.

· · By teh early 1700’s France had an army stronger than anyone other European country-400,000 soldiers.

· · Louis thought France would be at their peak of their safety if they reached all their natural borders.

· · France fought four wars between 1667 and 1713 to reach their territorial ambitions. The wars took a big toll on France’s resources and by the third war the treasuries were empty.

Louis fought the war of the Spanish Succesion after the last Spanish king died. He fought becaus he refused to promise the two lands would never merge. In 1713 after a massive war he agreed to sign a peace treaty.

· Impact of Historical Events on Early Russia

· Byzantine Influence

· Adopted Greco Orthodox

· Autocratic Government

· Preoccupied with military defense

· Church subservient to political control

· Cyrillic language

· Mongol Invaders

· Isolated Russia from the Wes 13-15^th century (Europe is going through bubonic plague, Renaissance)

In 1328 Ivan I came to power in Moscow. Became the strongest Russian state. Russia became an empire under Ivan III ( ruled from 1462 - 1505) married niece of last Byzantine emperor and called himself Czar, Caesar in Russian. – Ivan III = Ivan the Great – tripled Russia’s size.

Ivan IV = Ivan the Terrible (ruled 1533 – 1584) – (boyers = Russian nobles) Until 1560, when his wife Anastasia dies he expanded to kingdom by victories against the Mongols, then he became crueland killed thousands of commoners.

Peter Romanov (Peter the Great) 1682 – 1725

· Westernization

· Tried to modernize Russia

· Traveled to the Netherlands and England

· Admired Western European: Shipbuilding, industries, military, cities, fashion

· Adopted European calendar

· Economic

· Required Russian land owners to grow potatoes (originally from America) became staple

· Mercantilism (like Louis)

· Built subsidized factories (from 13 to 200)

· Encouraged iron industry (iron ore and large forests)

· · Peter’s most important changes were in Russian trade, finance, industry and government.

· · To built a bigger army and navy he needed money so he taxed everything beards to babies.

He also encouraged foreign trade and manufacturing.

· Military

· Sought warm water ports (“windows on the sea”)

· Great Northern War against Sweden wins land along Baltic coast

· Built St. Petersburg “a great window for Russia to look out at Europe

· Modernized army based on Western Europe’s use of infantry using guns. Army = lifetime job

· · One of Peter’s major goals was to break through Russia’s landlocked problem and acquire a port on the Black sea. But the Ottoman Empire blocked those goals from being achieved.

· · In 1697 he went with some delegates to western Europe to form an alliance against the Turks. He failed but learnt a lot about the West.

· · Peter decided to remodel his army to be like the French and he equipped it with the best weapons.

He then tested them in a long war with Sweden from 1700 to 1721. Russia gained a lot of territory including access to the Baltic sea.

· Political

· Assumed control of the Russian Orthodox Church

· Reduced the power of great landowners (boyars) by recruiting able men from lower ranking families, promoting them to positions of authority and rewarding them with grants of land (so they were loyal to him)

· Absolutists = used force against people’s will to make a good change

· Made people cut beard or pay taxes

· Made wear Russian European short coats

· · He ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725.

· · Peter followed the absolutist idea of Louis XIV of France.

· · He had complete control of the highly centralized administration and the nobles were merely his servants.

· · The Orthodox church also fell under his control.

· · The monarchy also controlled the local governments as in France.

· · Peter created a new service for nobility, whose rank and privileges depended on the amount of government service performed instead of family status.

· · Peter gave the nobles large amount of land and many peasants to work as serfs on it.

· · Peter’s changes not only increased the number of serfs but also made life very hard for them.

· · The serf’s owner could buy and sell them like slaves.

· · The serfs rebelled constantly at their owners but the Russian gov’t shut them down very fast.

· · Even though Peter the Great did not totally westernize Russia he did raise the nation to a great power.

· · He achieved immense success in modernize and extending the nation’s borders.

Peter built St. Petersburg in the Gulf of Finland and moved the capital there from Moscow

Catherine the Great

Military

· · Catherine also made great territorial gains in the west.

· · The Kingdom of Poland had many weaknesses. When they would election for a king they would invite outside countries to come and help determine who would it be . So of course all the countries chose the king in their favor.

· · In 1772 Russia, Austria and Prussia decided to take advantage of Russia’s weak condition and seize the polish territory.This was called The First Partition of Poland.

· · Unable to defend themselves the Poles tried to strengthen their gon’t but to no avail. Russia took more land .

· · Catherine the Great successfully took control of the Black sea from the Turks and acquired the largest share of Poland.

Catherine added 200,000 square miles to it’s borders and now protruding into Europe.

Political

· · Catherine ruled from 1762 to 1796.

· · She extended the Serfdom to the new acquired lands and the masses of common people lived how they did before.

· · The Nobility became much more westernized- they spoke French and stopped speaking with most of the Russian people.

· · Catherine expanded Russia and gave her warm-water ports through the control of the Black sea. In a successful war against the Turks Catherine won control of the Sea of Azov and Most of the Black sea.

England

Queen Elizabeth, last monarch from Tudor family. (1558-1603)

¨ ¨ Limited by Magna Carta and by Parliament

¨ ¨ Unified England (religion) – Elizabethan Settlement – law made by Parliament – religious toleration

¨ ¨ Granted charters to joint stock companies

¨ ¨ Some Catholics wanted Elizabeth’s cousin, Mary Queen of Scots top become queen.

¨ ¨ Mary faced a revolt of Scots – who converted to Presbyterian (preached by John Knox)

¨ ¨ Mary ran away to England, where she was involved in plots with Phillip II against Elizabeth.

¨ ¨ Mary was executed by Elizabeth

¨ ¨ Phillip II was mad at Elizabeth for killing Mary and realized that England would not return to Catholicism.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Phillip II sent the Spanish Armada – 130 ships, 30,000 men 2,400 guns – they were defeated by the English

Afterwards Spain’s power declined

Golden Age of England

· · London became the center of wealth, power and culture.

· · Thames River – London’s main rode

· · 200,000 people lived in London

· · You could see the Globe Theater (in London) from atop of St. Paul’s Church (other side of Thames)

· · Shakespeare’s plays were in the Globe Theater.

AIM: HOW DID ENGLAND BECOME A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

Unpopular Stuart Kings – James I and Charles I

A) Claimed divine right

B) Followed an unpopular foreign policy of friendship with Catholic Spain

C) Discriminated against the Puritans (some members of Parliament were Puritans)

D) Harmed the middle class by taxing heavy while neglecting trade

E) Violated English law by imprisoning opponents without a fair trial (against Magna Carta)

F) Raised money not approved by Parliament

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RESENTMENT: Parliament and Middle Class attempts to reassert its authority

· Forces Charles to sign “Petition of Right” 1628

· The King could not

1) Tax without consent of Parliament or force loans

2) Imprison without specific charge or jury trial

3) No quartering of soldiers in private homes without owners consent

· Charles disregards this and doesn’t call Parliament for eleven years

· Charles is desperate for money to suppress rebellion in Scotland and demands for new taxes, which are opposed by Puritans who hated autocratic policy, and demand that they conform to the Church practices

· Charles attempts top arrest leaders of House of Commons ® Civil War in England

· Puritan Revolution

· Roundheads – Puritan

· Cavaliers – Loyal to the King

· Roundheads lead by Oliver Cromwell win ® Charles is tried for treason and beheaded

· Republic is ruled by Cromwell as a military dictator – he fails to gain support WHY?

· Dictatorial government and heavy new taxes

· Cromwell and the Puritan’s role in executing Charles

· Intolerance of Anglican Church

· Severe Puritan moral code (Prohibits dancing, athletic games, theater)

· At Cromwell’s death Charles II is called back from exile to be King

· He pledges to observe Magna Carta and Petition of Rights (1628)

· He pledges to respect authority of Parliament

· Approved Habeas Corpus Act

A) Right of arrested person to a writ to be brought before a judge

B) The judge could decide whether the person should be held for trial or free to go

James II (1685 – 1688)

· James II converts to Catholicism

· Angered the people and the parliament

· Pro – Catholic acts

· Reviving divine right dominate Parliament

· Had a son – Catholic Heir

· Parliament secretly offers William and Mary the crown

· Protestant Dutch riders

· Mary is daughter of James II

¯

· James II flees England

¯

· Glorious Revolution (1688)

· Bloodless revolution

· Ended “Divine Right” in England

· Reaffirmed Parliament’s supremacy over the monarch

· English Bill of Rights (1689)

· A king cannot:

· Suspend laws without Parliament

· Raise taxes and maintain the army without Parliaments approval

· Take away right to trial for an accused

· A king must be:

· Be Protestant (a queen too)

· Call Parliament frequently to amend and preserve laws

Trend Toward Democracy

· Magna Carta

English barons forced King John to approve the charter in June 1215 at Runnymede, southwest of London. In the charter, the king granted many rights to the English aristocracy. The ordinary English people gained little.

· Limited Democracy

· Petition of Rights

written in 1628 by the English Parliament and presented to King Charles I. It declared unconstitutional certain actions of the king, such as levying taxes without the consent of Parliament, housing soldiers in homes, setting up martial law (military government), and imprisoning citizens illegally.

· Habeas Corpus

In 1679, the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act was passed in England. The act strengthened the use of habeas corpus by stating that the Crown could not detain a prisoner against the wishes of Parliament and the courts. – Prevents wrongful imprisonment.

· English Bill of Rights

In 1688 King James II of England was forced off the throne. It was given to his Protestant daughter Mary and to William of Orange. They were forced to sign the English Bill of Rights in order to obtain the throne. It said:

- King can’t suspend laws or carry out laws without Parliaments consent.

- King can’t spend money without parliaments consent.

- Right to petition king

- King not allowed to keep standing army without consent of Parliament in times of peace.

- Elections for parliament members are to be free elections

- Freedom of speech and debate during parliamentary precedings

- No excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment.

- Parliament’s are to be held frequently to amend laws and hear grievances (problems)

AIM: HOW DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT (AGE OF REASON) INFLUENCE WORLD HISTORY (17^TH 18^TH CENTURIES)

Thomas Hobbes – wrote “Leviathon” in 1651 – thought that there should be an absolute monarch – we gave up total natural freedom in order for laws and a non-chaotic society.

John Locke – all people are born with rights. He wrote “Treatises of Government” – right to life, liberty and property. Government is intended to serve the people – if government doesn’t do their job – get a new one

Baron de Montesquieu – wrote “Spirit of the Laws” in 1762 – must have 3 branches- judiciary, executive and legislative. He said England’s government was almost perfect. - system of checks and balances

¨ ¨ Published The Spirit of the Laws- tried to show perfect government

¨ ¨ English most nearly perfect

¨ ¨ Power divided equally between branches

Influenced Constitution

Jean-Jacques Rousseau – wrote “ The Social Contract” in 1762 – man is born free and gives freedom to government – which exists to serve people, if not doing job, get a new government.

¨ ¨ Said history repeats itself in cycles of decay to look to ancient nations for examples

¨ ¨ The Social Contract—born good environment corrupts them

¨ ¨ Need government that they chose– popular sovereignty

¨ ¨ Wrote the essay, Academy of Dijon

Distrusted reason– brought corruption and misery not progress

Voltaire – wrote “Letters on England” in 1762 – “Id o not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” - also wrote “Portable Dictionary of Philosophy. – Men born with reason and created equal – people give away rights in order to get what they want. – its your choice what to do.

¨ ¨ Francois-Marie Arouet

¨ ¨ Exemplified the spirit of the enlightenment

¨ ¨ Served in French prison->escaped to England

¨ ¨ Popularized English ideas in France

¨ ¨ Fought sham and superstition

Fought intolerance and injustice

Frederick the Great – Prussia, “enlightened despot” – he believed that as king of Prussia he was the “first servant of the state.” – worked for people

Scientific Revolution « Enlightenment

¯ ¯

used logic and reason to used reason to discover

find laws that governed natural laws

the physical world ¯

¯ laws that govern human

scientist and inventor would behavior and society

improve people’s lives ¯

by using reason – they could

solve social, economical and

political problems

How did the Enlightenment spread?

1) Encyclopedia - Diderot

· Purpose – change the general way of thinking by explaining and publishing new thinking on government philosophy and religion

· Subjects:

· Denounced slavery

· Praised freedom of expression

· Urged education for all

· Attacked divine right and traditional religion

2) Salons – informal social gatherings at which people would exchange ideas

3) Pamphlets – famous Thomas Payne : “Common Sense”

AIM: WHY DID A REVOLUTION ERUPT IN FRANCE (1789)?

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From Homework

All the estates talked of liberty and equality as their natural rights.

peasants and artisans - liberty and equality meant the right to eat and have reward for their labor.

bourgeoisie - liberty and equality meant the freedom to trade without restrictions and to advance to the highest levels of society on merit alone.

nobility - liberty and equality meant the liberty to enjoy their ancient privileges and to limit the authority of the king.

The ideas of liberty and equality unified the various groups against the king.

Growing Discontent in Frances 1700s

Population

due to growth in population families had more children to support and they needed more food and money

Economic Conditions

· raise in rent by nobles clergy and some of the bourgeoisie that owned land in order to get more money

· Hired lawyers to find old feudal dues that had fallen into disuse which they forced peasants to pay in addition to already heavy taxes and other obligations

· Nobles and clergy also tried to sell things they had once given away such as selling twigs and branches for firewood

· Poor economic condition reinforced first to estates desire to protect their freedom from taxation

Cities

· food prices went up higher and higher in the cities without wages doing the same

· Artisans and peasants resented the rich who lived in big houses and had plenty to eat

· Poor blamed the king for allowing the prices to go so high

· Poor hated having to pay taxes when nobles and clergy did not

· Sometimes the poor rioted on the streets

· Robbery and violent crimes

Bourgeoisie

· They wanted political power equal to their economic strength

· Resented paying taxes that the nobles and clergy did not

· Wanted their sons to hold important position in church army and government which only nobles could hold

· Wanted a say in government because government interfered in business

· Dislike mercantilist regulations governing wages and prices

· Wanted freedom to trade with foreign countries without interference

Financial Crisis

· wars of Louis XIV had left France with a huge debt

· National debt kept growing even throughout the reign of a new king for 25 years

· Bourbons lacked the wisdom to avert the financial crisis which toppled the monarchy

· Louis XV borrowed money from bankers and did not heed warnings to economize

· Louis XVI took his advisors advice and taxed the first 2 estates for money but the nobles protested and refused to cooperate and by 1787 the government had exhausted their credit, the bankers refused to lend anymore money and Louis XVI decided to convene the estates general calling together representatives of all three estates

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Road to revolution

1) Abuses of old regime

2) Inequality (See homework 23 pyramid)

First Estate

·Consists of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church

·Less than 1 percent of the population

·Church retained privileges from Middle Ages

- Only church courts could try priests and bishops

- clergy did not have to pay taxes but gave a free gift to King

- church owned 1/10 of French lands

- high clergy received most of wealth

Second Estate

· Consists of the nobility

· Less than 2 percent of the Population

· Retained special privileges and customs from feudal times

- right to wear a sword

- Primogeniture

- right of eldest son to inherit titles and lands

- right to function as lord of the manor

- paid few taxes and collected feudal dues from peasants

- only nobles held the highest positions in army and government

Third Estate

· Consists of the rest of the people of France

· 97 percent of the population

· Subdivided into three groups

a) at the top—bourgeoisie

- city dwelling Middle class

- made up of merchants manufacturers and professional people such as doctors and Lawyers

b) laborers and artisans of the city

c) peasants

- few remained serfs but they still paid in feudal dues services and tithe

- had no voice in making or changing laws

- were in the absolute control of landlords and Kings

3) Enlightenment philosophers, salons, popular sovereignty, revolt

4) American Revolution

5) Crumbling Economy, deficit spending ® raises taxes

6) Poor harvest (1780s)

· Food prices rise

· Hunger peasants and city dwellers

¯

7)Riots ¯

Louis XVI ¯

Reacts calls Estates General into session ¯

Tell each state to write grievances on notebooks (“cahers”) ¯

Voting problem ¯

Third Estate creates National Assemble (claimed to represent the people) ¯

Locked out by King ¯

Tennis Court Oath – vowed not to disperse until they created a new constitution (plan for gov) ¯

Rumor of King ???? July 14 1789 Paris mob storm Bastille (jail) which is symbol of kings power

Importance

- Commoners expressed support for national assembly

- Gave King and nobility warning not to resist them

AIM: HOW DID THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ATTEMPT TO 1789- 1792 REFORM FRANCE?

August 4, 1789

- National Assembly votes to end nobles privledges abolished.

- Payment of feudal dues.

- Payment to Church.

- Tax exemption for privledged classes.

- Restrictions on trade of manufacturing

- To solve the financial problem (crisis)- seized church land. Then they sold it to peasants for a very cheap and affordable price.

- 1791- created a constitution.

- Limited monarchy

- Legislative assembly.

- October 5, à women's march at Versailles demanding breadà popular revolt

- Slogan- "liberte, egalite, fraternite" = freedom, equality between the law (business and social) and brotherhood)

AIM: WHY DID THE REVOLUTION TURN RADICAL? (handouts)

Louis XVI tried to escape Paris, they caught him and brought him back.

POLITICAL OPINIONS

Radical- favors extreme changes in gov. policies.- Jacobins---public Safety Committee---Reign of Terror---arrest and killing many suspects of treason.

Liberal- favors some changes in gov.

Moderate- open to minor changes in policy.

Conservative- favors maintaining the status quo.

Reactionary- favors a return to past, traditional policies.

POLITICAL REVOLUTION

Enlightenment ideas, unpopular methods, economic distress, social injustice, religious intolerance, nationalism -- Political Revolution-à new forms of gov., individual rights, nationhood, war, other revolutions, restrictions of freedom.

AIM: HOW DID NAPOLEON RULE EUROPE?

I. NAPOLEON- EARLY SUCCESS

- VICTOROUS GENERAL

- 1799-COUP'ETAT (hand of the state)

- Overthrows Directory

- Established "Consulate"- governing 3 man board

- 1804- Declared himself "emperor of France"

- Conducted plebiscite (public vote)

- French public strongly supports him because he restored power to France.

II. REFORMS ( Order, Security, Efficiency )

- regulated economy because he wanted to restore prosperity to France by controlling prices, encouraged new industry and built roads and canals.

- Put public schools under government control, so he can know what will be taught to everyone.

- 1801- Concordat- made peace with the church

- encourages emigres to return- take oaths of loyalty.

- Recognized sale of church land to peasants.

- Careers opened to ability, not nobility.

- Napoleon Code : equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, unified all laws, advancement based on merit.

- Napoleon dominated all of Europe except England and Russia. HE put his brother on the thrown of Spain.

III. Building an EMPIRE- 1804-1814

- Excellent battlefield strategy.

- Conquers and annexes territory.

- Allies himself with several countries

- Britain-outside empire, "the tiger" = France, and the "shark"- England's navy.

- Britain defeats France- trifalgar.

- Napoleon ruled out invasion of Britain-"Economic warfare"- continental system-

- Forces all his allies to close their ports from British ships.

- England then blockades Europe's ports.

- Restrictions on trade have negative impacts on Europeà Beginning of Napoleons Downfall.

IV. Napoleon's Downfall

- People hated being controlled by France.

- Spain had guerrilla warfare (terrorists, surprise attacks).

- Russia begins to trade with England, Napoleon gets a grand army (600,000) and invades Russia. Russia: "Scorched Earth"- retreated slowly and burnt everything. The French lost supplies and got defeated.

- 1812: Alexander resigns from continental system

- 1813- Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia defeated Napoleon.

- Napoleon was then exiled returned to France for 100 days - June 1815, defeated at waterloo.

- People remembered Napoleon as a leader who loved his people.

- Congress of Vienna à Britain, Russia, Austria (Metternich), Prussia. à GOALS-"turn back the clock" to before the revolution (reactionary). Restore stability, crush ideas of revolutions, keep peace.

METTERNICH's PLAN FOR STABILIZING EUROPE-

Compensation - All countries should be repaid for expenses incurring while fighting for France.

Legitimacy- Political power in France and it's conquered lands should be returned to those who ruled prior to Napoleon.

Balance of Power- No country should ever dominate Europe.

- They followed the Quad. Alliance- act "concert" of Europe - agreed to maintain the status quo.

- 1820-1840s- a lot of revolutions broke out in Europe. The status quo. Alliance acted out with violence.

(booklet) 1

The National Assembly issued The Declaration of Rights of Man in August 1789 before the violence erupted.

It said:

1- 1- men are equal and born free.

2- 2- Rights of liberty, property, security and o resistance to oppression. (revolt)

3- 3- Authority must come from the people.

4- 4- Everyone has the same human rights unless taken away by law. (imprisonment – crime)

5- 5- Law can only forbid things that can be bad for society. Law is the law.

6- 6- Law expresses the people’s will. All people may hold government positions.

7- 7- No one can be arrested without reason or executed. People must obey the law.

8- 8- Only necessary and fair punishments.

9- 9- Every man is innocent until proven guilty.

10- 10- Religious freedom and freedom of thought.

11- 11- Freedom of speech and of press.

12- 12- Rights guaranteed by police officers.

13- 13- Fair taxes according to wealth.

14- 14- Everybody is allowed to question taxation by way of representatives.

15- 15- Society can question accounts of all government figures.

16- 16- Any society in which rights are not assured or the separation of powers determined, has no constitution

17- 17- Right of property, cannot be taken away except with proper evidence and with a reason

The French Revolution

Long Term Causes – First and Second estates have extra rights and only account for 3% of population. Also, because of corrupt and inconsistent leaders and the spread of Enlightenment philosophy.

Immediate Causes – Huge government debt. Poor harvest lead to increase in bread prices. Failure of Louis XVI to accept reforms. Formation of the National Assembly. Storming of the Bastille.

Immediate Effects - - France adopts in first constitution.

Feudalism ends in France

Declaration of the Rights of Man adopted

Monarchy abolished

Revolutionary France fights coalition of European powers

Reign of Terror

Long Term Effects

Napoleon gains power

Napoleonic code established

French public schools open

French nationalism

Why did the French Revolution turn radical ?

Louis XVI + French Nobles and French Monarchs = trouble for the National Assembly

Why?

- Louis XVI resented his loss of power. HE allegedly conspired with foreign monarchs.

- - In 1791 Louis and his wife, Mary Antionette tried to flee the country but were stopped at the borders because his face was on the currency, their disguises did not work . ( He was guillotined).

- - In 1792 the rulers of Austria and of Prussia sent in their armies t try to put down the revolution.

How did the People of France react when foreign invaders threatened their country?

- - the people accused Louis of being in communication with the enemy.

- - Marie Antionette was related to the Austrian empress.

- - Jacobin (radical) led the National Convention and declared france a republic – cut off Louis’ head.

- - Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria and Prussiasent in more armies to suppress the revolution.

- - The National Convention organized the “Committee for Public Safety”

- - George-Jacques Danton and Maximilien Robespierre became the most powerful of the committee.

- - The committee forced all French citizens to serve in the army (draft)

- - The reign of Terror was instituted.

- - As many 40,000 people were killed who were suspected of treason.

- - Robespierre sent Danton to his death.

- - National Convention wrote a constitution, creating the Directory.

AFTER 4 YEARS THE DIRECTORY WAS REPLACED BY NAPOLOEON BONAPARTE

Key decisions by Napoleon during the Revolution

1 – Reorganized France into political units

2- 2- Brought back leaders of the French revolution that were banished by the Directory.

3- 3- Cancelled festivals that stirred hatred like the execution of Louis XVI.

4- 4- Established a system of public education

5- 5- Established secret police – dictated what was taught in school and the ideas taught in school.

6- 6- Religious freedom – bettered relationship with Catholic Church

7- 7- Restricted Freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

8- 8- Balanced budget and established tax system.

9- 9- Reduced women’s rights and gave fathers power over family

10- 10- Napoleonic code – compounded and established firm set of laws

11- 11- Changed constitution to put all power in government leaders

12- 12- Enacted laws to help business

13- 13- Allowed poor farmers to purchase land they worked

14- 14- Used his military genius to create empire in france

15- 15- Sold Church’s land cheap to poor

The end of Napoleon

Napoleon began the Continental System in which all members of Europe could not trade with Britain. Britain responded by blockading all ports. Russia violated system and began to trade. Napoleon took 600,000 men and marched into Russia. The Russians kept on retreating and scorched the land as they went. When Napoleon reached Moscow, he realized is was burnt and retreated. Only 20,000 men survived. He lost power. Quadruple alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia was formed. They attacked France and took Paris. Then, they banished Napoleon. He returned – 100 days – he controlled Part of France. He surrendered and was banished again. Congress of Vienna was formed to re-map Europe. They did it and created balanced countries and established old monarchs.

Napoleon’s Influence

Napoleonic Code

Laws established – all men were equal – adopted and modified in many other countries legal systems.

Invasion of Spain

His invasions weakened Spain, they lost control of Latin American colonies – led to independence movements

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803 he sold the Louisiana Territory to the US government for 10 million. Doubled size of US.

Define and Identify (some facts that aren’t covered and some are repeated)

§ § Hellenistic – something that is beautiful

§ § Hubris – assumption that someone has the ability of the God’s

§ § Praetors – military leaders

§ § Tribunes – Roman official elected by Assembly

§ § Consul – Roman chief exec who ran gov and army

§ § Pax Romana – golden age of Rome, 27BC until 180 AD – stable and efficient governments

§ § Agora – public meeting place

§ § Direct Democracy – Greek style democracy – all citizens directly involved in governmental affairs – everyone can hold office

§ § Representative Democracy – US democracy – people elect representatives in the government

§ § Fief- land grant – from lord to vassal

§ § Chivalry – code of conducts for knights – during 1100’s, led to change in Feudal society.

§ § Czar – Caesar in Russian

§ § Great Schism – 2 popes (Byzantine and Rime) ended in 1417

§ § Black Death – Bubonic plague – started in Mongolia spread because of cultural diffusion, came to Italy, spread fast killed 1/3 of Europe, led to decline of lords and nobles

§ § John Huss – criticized church – burned at stake for heresy

§ § Ferdinand and Isabella – Christian (Catholic) rulers of Spain. Responsible for the Spanish Inquisition – exiled and killed Jews and Muslims and “Witches”.

§ § Pope Boniface VIII – Disagreed with France , Phillip IV taxed church land,

§ § John Wycliff and John Huss – said people should interpret bible themselves not church

§ § Predestination - belief that god decided in the beginning who will be saved who will be damned.

§ § Theocracy – government ruled by religious factions

§ § Subsidy – gov grant to company

§ § Simony – paying for position in church

§ § Scientific Revolution– transformation of thinking during the 1500’s caused by experimentation and by questioning traditional opinions

§ § Scientific method– inquiry method that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments

§ § Geocentric theory– theory that earth Is at the center of the universe

§ § Heliocentric theory– theory that the sun is at the center of the universe

§ § Commercial Revolution– changes and developments in the European economy from 1400 to about 1750

§ § Joint-stock company – business organization that raised money by seling stock or shares in the company to investors

§ § mercantilism– economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share one country has to take some wealth away from another country

§ § Favorable balance of trade– situation that exists when a country sells more goods than it buys from a foreign country

§ § Tariff– import tax on foreign goods

§ § Subsidy– government grant of money

§ § Conquistador– Spanish fortune hunters that scoured the Americas for gold

§ § Viceroy– royal governors who governed in the name of Spain’s King Charles I

§ § Encomienda– privileged granted to some settlers by Spain that they controlled a given area and could force native Americans there to work the mines and plantations as virtual slaves.

§ § Capitalism– Dutch new approach to business where merchants joined in business ventures to invest their money and earn a profit.

§ § Commercial Revolution– the spread of capitalism in Europe. Became the dominant economic system.

§ § Enlightenment– belief that people could apply the scientific method and use reason to logically explain human nature

§ § rationalism– characteristic of the enlightenment ; rose from the belief that truth can be arrived solely by reason

§ § philosophers– thinkers or philosophers of the enlightenment

§ § salons– gathering of the social, political, and cultural elite in France

§ § Popular sovereignty– governmental principle based on just laws and on government created by and subject to the will of the people

§ § Enlightened despot– system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principle of the enlightenment

§ § Encyclopedia– a handbook or reference book of the enlightenment , which became the most famous publication of this period

Hundred years war

Causes:

··The English king Edward III, claimed the provinces of Aquitaine and Gascony, in France. These provinces were under French rule at the time.

··The English king Edward III, attempted to seize the French thrown after the last male in the Captain lineage had died.

England and France, competed for the control of the commercially rich Flanders. The Flanders, was an area located east of England and North of France.

Effects:

··The use of two new weapons - the longbow and the cannon - helped weaken feudalism. The English foot soldiers armed with long bows with ranges of 400 yards, completely defeated the French feudal cavalry in Agincourt. The knight on horseback became less of a necessity in war.

··The gun was used. The use of the gun was adopted from the Muslims during the crusades. From these simple wooden guns evolved the great big cannon.

··The castle was not essential for the lord’s protection, because the cannon could now brake the thick walls of the castle.

··The English Parliament temporarily gained more power over the king. Because Parliament had the power to withhold tax revenues, they were able to force kings to agree to a number of rights. The Parliament along with the king had to agree on a restatement or a change of law. Parliament was able to adjust all the taxes and to institute new taxes proposed by the House of Commons (similar to the House of Representatives). The kings spending of money had to be approved by the Parliament.

··France formed the Estate-General, which had almost the same power as the English Parliament. The only difference was that the Parliament had the power to levy (adjust) taxes and the Estate-General did not.

··At the end of the war, England had lost all of it’s lands in France, besides for Calais.

··Both England and France gained a sense of nationalism.

··

Diderot:

··Wrote the Encyclopedia in 1751. This 35 volume edition was the reference book on Enlightenment. The writings criticized church, slave trade, government, torture, taxes, and war.

His writings were banned by French authorities, however readers obtained illegal copies.

Montesquieu -

··He published the Spirit of the Law, in 1748. He described what he considered a perfect government.

··He concluded, after extensive study, that the English government was most perfect, since it’s power was divided equally among the three different branches of the government.

··He agreed with the concept of checks and balances within the three branches.

This resulted in the widespread of his ideas throughout Europe and even in America today.

Voltaire:

··was a French writer who exemplified the spirit of Enlightenment.

··He fled to England after being jailed in Paris for two years.

··He wrote Letters of England, which commented on British political systems and English customs.

··When he returned to France he attacked anything that seemed superstitious.

··He fought against intolerance and injustice, and he reversed many severe regal decisions made.

··He accomplished what he did by rallying public opinion and rousing people to oppose barbaric tortures and religious intolerance.

··“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend you to the death your right to say it” - freedom of speech.

··

Rousseau:

··He became famous in 1749 after writing a prize-winning essay for the Academy of Dijon.

··He claimed that civilization had corrupted it’s people. History repeats itself in cycles of decay.

··In 1762, he wrote his famous book, The Social Contract. The book expressed that people are born good but environment, education, and laws corrupted the person.

··Just laws in the government must be based on popular sovereignty, created by and subject to the will of the people.

··In the 1780’s many people adopt his philosophy of the “natural man”.

··

··Even though by the 1700’s most peasants weren’t surfs anymore, they still owed their lord money.

They paid the heaviest tax and rent for the land they worked on, one-tenth of their income. They had no voice in changing any of these conditions under the power of their kings and lords.

Culture of the Late Middle Ages

Language/Literature -

··Latin became the written language of of Western Europe.

··Common people began to speak vernacular languages - languages that varied from place to place.(English, Spanish, German,...).

··Writers also began to use vernacular languages for literature.

··Troubadours, or traveling singers, went from town to town singing lyrics in vernacular languages. This helped the spread of the individual languages.

··Many national epics were written in Vernacular Languages, about King Arthur, Siegfried, and others.

··The growth of the towns and cities, created an audience for fabilaux - short comedies written in rhymed verses.This also included fables and other animal stories.

··There were also miracle plays, a form of vernacular literature of mystery, that developed during the Middle Ages. They were short dramas of biblical subjects that were usually played in churches.

··Dante and Chaucer - were two very talented and famous writers of the time. Their works set precedence for the language and type of literature used in future literary works.

··

Philosophy -

··The classic works of the Greeks and Romans became popular once again -by was of the Moors in Spain.

··Scholasticism - the attempt by medieval philosophers to reconcile old teachings of Aristotle and the church.

··Peter Abelard raised many questions about church doctrine.

Thomas Aquinas - summarized the church’s thoughts during that time.

Education -

··Schools admitted males for a fee.

··Educational system resembled that of Athens.

··Universitas (universities today)- were formed for many different subjects - logic, arithmetic, music,...

··standard courses of study were established.

··student became eligible to teach at the end of his schooling after his initiation ceremony.

··further studying was also available the fields of medicine, theology, and law.

··

Art/Architecture -

··Church art became the primary art form.

··Most architects used arches, domes, and low horizontal lines characteristics of Roman achitecture.

··Gothic style - a new radical form of architecture. Did not conform to the classical standards.

Everything in the church, pointed arches, tall spires, and high walls - pointed towards the heavens.

Self-government:

··were not involved in the agricultural society - the Manorial System.

··made their living from manufacturing.

··the lord would give up control of the towns in exchange for something.

··sometimes rights were won as a result of violence and wars.

··political liberty was sometimes granted to encourage the development of the town.

towns occasionally bought Charters of liberty - statements of their rights from their lord.

4 Basic Rights of All Inhabitants of a Town:

11 Freedom - regardless of what their birth, all inhabitants of a town had a chance to become free. They had to remain in the town for 101 days without the lord challenging him. All ties between the serf and the manor or manor lord would be broken

22 Exempt status - all the inhabitants of a town were exempt from performing any services on the manor.

33 Town Justice - Each town had their own court made up of able citizens that were familiar with local customs. They tried cases involving the local people.

Commercial privileges - Townspeople could sell their goods freely in town market without the intervention of a lord. They could also charge tolls to outsiders coming o trade in the town’s market.

AIM: HOW DID LOUIS XIV AND PETER THE GREAT AND CATHERINE THE GREAT RULE THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES?

Why did kings rise in power?

1) 6) Nobles died in the crusades

2) 7) Good for trade – stability – business class

3) 8) Gunpowder effective against noble’s castles

4) 9) Reformation challenged the Church and left the kings more powerful (Ex. Henry)

5) 10) Nationalism/Patriotism (Ex. Reconquista)

Quote: Bishop Jaques Bossuet:

· Royal Power is sacred and absolute

· Divine right – god chose the kings to be rulers

· Subject must obey the king – any attack against king is attack against G-d

Absolute Monarchy

· Divine right

· Total control

· He decides what is best for the state – he knows what is best

· Political

· Ruler holds unlimited power

· Subjects owe obedience and loyalty

· Social

· Ruler dominates upper classes

· Upper classes dominate lower classes

· Ceremonies symbolize ruler’s power

· Economic

· Ruler encourages trade and industry to strengthen the economy

· Cultural

· Ruler dominates cultural life

· Patron of arts

· Censorship

Louis XIV

Political

· · Lois XIV’s reign lasted for 72 years from from 1643 to 1715- Longest reign in French history.

· · To make his power absolute and stop rebellions he built a huge palace at Versailles, established his court and moved the French Government.

· · This whole new reign emphasized his power.

· · Louis believed in the Divine right of kings- meaning that God had chosen him to govern France.

· · To make sure the royal authority had more power over the nobility he made all the nobility move to Versailles.

· · The nobles had to serve him at all times- dress him in the morning, hunt with him, and help him perform ceremonies at the court. This was his way to keep an eye on the nobility.

· · Versailles and Louis XIV became the absolute power in Europe.

He made his emblem the sun- whose rays symbolized the extent of his power.

· “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State – arrogance, most powerful

· “Sun King”

· Louis gives power and nutrients to grow like sun

· Influential – rays go everywhere

· Massive wars to gain more land

· Persecuted French Calvinists

· Revoked Edict of Nantes that allowed freedom of religion

· Arts

· Sponsored plays and music

· French artistic style became model of Europe

· Versailles

· Massive palace

· Symbol of wealth and power

· Ceremonies surrounded everyday life

· Government

· Absolute power

· Bureaucracy, officials carried out his policies

· Never convened Estates General

· Economy

· Mercantilism

· Tariffs on imports

· Encouraged industries and exploration

· Criticized because he left the country in debt from his spending spree on wars

· · One of Louis’s main advisers was Jean Baptiste Colbert, a finance expert who promoted economic development.

· · He tried to build up French industry by granting government subsidies to small companies to build new industries or strengthen theirs.

· · He placed high tariffs on foreign imports, improved transportation and replanted forests.

· · Colbert also tried to eliminate waste and corruption in the tax farming system.

· · With all these efforts he saved up so much money that he maintained a large army and supported exploration.

He also encouraged French companies to establish colonies and carry on trade in the Americas.

Military

· · Louis XIV hired Marquis de Louvois, a military genius to be the minister of war. He reorganized the army.

· · Soldiers were promoted on merit rather than commisions bought for them.

· · Officers and soldiers recieved extensive training and followed strict discipline.

· · By teh early 1700’s France had an army stronger than anyone other European country-400,000 soldiers.

· · Louis thought France would be at their peak of their safety if they reached all their natural borders.

· · France fought four wars between 1667 and 1713 to reach their territorial ambitions. The wars took a big toll on France’s resources and by the third war the treasuries were empty.

Louis fought the war of the Spanish Succesion after the last Spanish king died. He fought becaus he refused to promise the two lands would never merge. In 1713 after a massive war he agreed to sign a peace treaty.

· Impact of Historical Events on Early Russia

· Byzantine Influence

· Adopted Greco Orthodox

· Autocratic Government

· Preoccupied with military defense

· Church subservient to political control

· Cyrillic language

· Mongol Invaders

· Isolated Russia from the Wes 13-15^th century (Europe is going through bubonic plague,

Catherine the Great

Military

· · Catherine also made great territorial gains in the west.

· · The Kingdom of Poland had many weaknesses. When they would election for a king they would invite outside countries to come and help determine who would it be . So of course all the countries chose the king in their favor.

· · In 1772 Russia, Austria and Prussia decided to take advantage of Russia’s weak condition and seize the polish territory.This was called The First Partition of Poland.

· · Unable to defend themselves the Poles tried to strengthen their gon’t but to no avail. Russia took more land .

· · Catherine the Great successfully took control of the Black sea from the Turks and acquired the largest share of Poland.

Catherine added 200,000 square miles to it’s borders and now protruding into Europe.

Political

· · Catherine ruled from 1762 to 1796.

· · She extended the Serfdom to the new acquired lands and the masses of common people lived how they did before.

· · The Nobility became much more westernized- they spoke French and stopped speaking with most of the Russian people.

· · Catherine expanded Russia and gave her warm-water ports through the control of the Black sea. In a successful war against the Turks Catherine won control of the Sea of Azov and Most of the Black sea.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Aim: How and why did the Industrial Revolution begin?

The Industrial Revolution was a period of time during the 1800's of great industrial development. New machinery was invented in order to speed production and to increase productivity. The Industrial revolution also helped cause Globalization, which means that there is a worldwide market. Nations trade with each other. Import/ export is very important. (Note: made in China)

One Invention leads to another – Ex:

John Kay invents a flying shuttle for hand loon (1733)à creates wider fabric, weaving is done faster à need more yarn, faster production à James Hargreaves invents the Spinning Jenny, it made yarn faster (1765)à Richard Arkwright invents the water-frame, so spinning can be powered by water (factory spinning) (1769) à Sam Compton invents the spinning mule, combined spinning jenny and water frame (1779)à increased speed and productivity and created more thread then hand weavers could use à Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom, spins thread faster and uses water powerà creates a need for more cotton à Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, removes cotton seeds from cotton faster (1794)à cotton is raised faster à less skill required, more factory jobs, more products, leads to excess which is exported, leads to Globalization of the world economy eventually.

A. TEXTILE INVENTIONS

1700's – During the 1700’s there was a lot of rural production and the domestic system was used.

The domestic system was a system in which there was a division of labor which is when a person purchased material and then paid numerous other people to do certain steps in the process of making a final product. This was costly, time consuming, required much skill and had very low production numbers (output). Therefore, making it very inefficient. (Ex: Cloth: wool raiser–> farm families to clean, sort, spin–> weaver–> fuller–> dyer–> market.)

Inventions-

YEAR INVENTOR INVENTION PURPOSE

1733 John Kay flying shuttle weaving twice as fast

1765 James Hargreave spinning jenny 8 threads spun at once

1769 James Watt steam engine replaced water as major power source

1769 Richard Arkwright water frame used water to spin

1779 Samuel Crompton spinning mule increased farm production

1785 Edmund Cartwright power loom water powered

1794 Eli Whitney cotton gin, cotton more available, started factory line

(interchangeable parts)

Factory line is when many people work together, each doing a different specific job in order to complete the creation of an object.

New power sources: It started where all work was done by hand, then à hyro-power, where power was gotten from a water source, it had to be near a river but if there was a drought, it was useless. Then à steam power, (James Watt in 1769), steam engine was used to generate power by using coal to ignite a fire, pushing the object, emitting steam.

1800's – the work shifted from rural using the domestic system to urban, utilizing steam power and factories. New jobs were created and new machines were invented.

B. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

a. Enclosure movement – It occurred when people combined and bought up lands in order to form large land holdings.

Result: smaller farmers became tenant farmers or moved to the cities. Farmers could experiment with new crops because of the vast lands they owned. Also, it was much more efficient, leading to cheaper products and larger production numbers (crops grown).

b. Inventions-

1. Jethro Tull- HE invented the seed drill – It seeded and plowed the ground, doing the work of many people and doing it faster.

2. Robert Ransime- He invented the iron plow (replaced the wooden plow, increased speed and farm production) —> Less demand for farm laborers–> more farmers moved to the city.

C. POPULATION EXPLOSION

why??

· · Lower death rate

Because…

· · No famine

· · There was more food available and people ate better

· · Better medical care became available.

—> therefore, there were more workers and more potential buyers.

D. Other Inventions

YEAR INVENTOR INVENTION PURPOSE

1807 Robert Fulton steamboat faster form of transportation, more reliable and more durable

1829 (anonymous) locamotive faster form of transportation, allowed people to go almost anywhere and fast. Great for business, now they can span larger areas, creation of big companies etc.

1856 Henry Bessemer Bessemer process cheap and quick way to remove impurities of iron to create good steel.

1866 Alfred Nobel Dynamite Good way to destroy areas, in order to build tunnels and for mining. Also, used in war as explosives.

1844 Samuel Morse Morse code (telegraph) New form of quick communication. Precursor of the telephone. Brought nations together because of the speed of communication.

AIM: WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGIN IN ENGLAND?

· · England had abundant resources – coal, iron and cash flow (gold)

· · They gained vast resources from their colonies

· · England is an island – it’s a good trading location, in the middle of trade routes

· · They had vast capital – money (gold and silver reserves) for investment, machinery and for scientific exploration.

· · They had a stable government that supported business and investment

· · They had a lot of workers and people willing to work.

· · They had great transportation - navy, Railroads, canals, navigable rivers

AIM: HOW DID MODERN CAPITALISM EMERGE FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

There was a change in manufacturing; it was mass production. (needs people to buy the machines) Factors of production = land, labor, capital resources, all in one place, at a factory. A factory needs an owner to front the capital. Owner = capitalist = entrepreneur (person who starts his own business) = assumes all the risk and reaps all the rewards.

Capitalism:

1. 1. Private ownership - individual owns means of production, pays for everything and takes all responsibility

2. 2. Sole Proprietorship – business owned and controlled by a single person.

3. 3. Partnership – business owned and controlled by a group of people.

4. 4. Monopoly – a single corporation or business that controls all the steps needed to produce a product – complete production cycle.

5. 5. Business cycle – cycle of rises and declines in the economy

6. 6. Depression – lowest point of the business cycle.

7. Free enterprise- System where an individual can enter any business and run it as they wish (not in all countries- in US limited free enterprise now- no child labor, minimum wage, can’t beat employees etc.)

8. Profit motive – Make money from investing

9. Competition- More competition = lower prices and better service, only the best survive (cutthroat competition – Where companies lower prices to a point where they are losing money in order to force their competition to go bankrupt.)

10. 10. Supply and demand – The more demand, the less supply, the higher the prices or visa versa.

AIM: THE ADVANTAGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Although there were many disadvantages about the life of people during the Industrial revolution as you will see below, it had a lasting effect on the world, thereby making it another good event in the evolution of man.

During the Industrial Revolution…

· · Many new technologies and ideas were thought up and invented.

· · Steel production increased

· · Coal production increased and coal became the leading energy resource of the world.

· · Life expectancy increased because of better medicine and widespread care.

· · Conditions eventually increased because labor laws were established.

· · Capitalism became a worldwide institution and helped leads to democracy.

· · Per capita income increased throughout Europe and the United States (yearly money per family)

· · Agricultural and Industrial production drastically increased

· · People shifted from farms and moved to cities

· ·

AIM: THE PLIGHT OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKER (How did reformers try to help workers?)

During Industrialization, skilled workers lost their jobs. Their jobs could now be done by machine. Unskilled workers, women and child took the place of skilled workers and received pittance for pay. The owners were able to justify this because there was an increase in the population and an influx of workers from farms who were willing to work for very little pay.

factory conditions:

· · They had a rigid schedule - long hours, few breaks, bad conditions, too many days

· · They had monotonous (repetitive) work, heavy loads and hard labor

· · They were paid very low wages (because so many people needed jobs, they were paid very little, supply and demand applies)

· · They worked under unsafe conditions with no protection. There were many accidents.

· · They received no compensation for injuries or other losses. (They were fired or paid less)

· · They were forced to work through freezing temperature in winter boiling heat in summer

· · They factories were unventilated (either no windows or they weren’t open), there was a lot of smoke–> causes lung disease, cancers and other such deadly illnesses.

· · There was child labor; they were paid less and worked long hours (ages 4+ worked)

· · People. Especially children were beaten if they didn’t do their work perfectly. Abuse was widespread.

· · Got paid about penny/hour

· · No cool areas in cotton factory

· · Dangerous gas which caused deformations and premature births and death at a young age.

· · People received very little food.

· · (women and children who worked in coal mines were called “carriers” because they had to in to the poisonous and dangerous minds and carry up loads of coal.)

Cities-

· · Overcrowded

· · Pollution was widespread – in the air

· · Very dirty

· · Much noise

· · Stench of pollution and of polluted rivers

· · Mostly slums, tenements (houses)

· · They lived squalor, poverty was everywhere

· · There wasn’t any electricity/light, water, sanitation or sewage

· · Breeding ground for disease and for the spread of them

· · The houses were near the factories – pollution, noise and garbage

· · It was dark and polluted

AIM: WHAT LEGISLATION WAS PASSED TO HELP FACTORY WORKERS?

A . The Health and Morals Act of 1802

1. 1. Lowest age of employment is 9 years old

2. 2. Children under 14 can’t work more then 12 hours a day

3. 3. Children cant work at night

4. 4. Factories must be whitewashed (cleaned) twice a year

5. 5. Employed children must receive 2 suits of clothing per year

B. English Factory Act of 1833

1. 1. No one under 18 may work between 8:30 PM and 5:30 AM

2. 2. No one under 18 may work more then1 2 hours day

3. 3. No one under 18 can work more than 69 hours a week

4. 4. 1 ½ hours a day must be set aside for meals

5. 5. In silk factories, children under 13 cant work more then 10 hours a day

C. The Peoples Charter of 1838

1. 1. We protest that the government is controlled by the rich for the benefit of the rich

2. 2. We protest that the rights of the poor, majority of populace are ignored

3. 3. Demand change in government so that all people are served fairly

4. 4. We demand that all men should be able to vote for members of Parliament

5. 5. We demand that elections be a secret ballot

6. 6. We demand that Parliament be limited to 1-year terms

7. 7. We demand that a law be passed, which ends the property qualifications necessary to be a Member of Parliament.

8. 8. We demand that Members of Parliament receive a fair salary

- - The king appointed 4 inspectors of factories that employ children under 18 that may come and inspect any day at any time.

- - Only in silk mills may children under 9 work

- - Any child under 11 may not work more then 48 hours a week and 9 hours a day

D. The Coal Mine Regulation Act of 1842

1. 1. No females may work in mines.

2. 2. No child under 10 may work in mines.

AIM: SHOULD THE WORKING POOR BE HELPED?

There are 2 sides. One side argues that business should be let to do whatever it wants. The other side says that capitalism is done and that reform is needed.

No- laissez faire (let do) (let business alone)

LAISSEZ FAIRE - "let do" in French. The theory that the government should leave businesses alone and not interfere.

· · Adam Smith – He wrote, “Wealth of Nations”. The market handles itself. Supply and demand and competition regulate business and economic activity. Competition is king – the more competition - the higher the quality. Industrialists liked this policy because it gave them a reason to justify high prices, because if many people wanted a product they could charge as much as they want in order to increase profitability.

Complete free enterprise.

If you don't like where you work, go somewhere else.

· · Thomas Mathus- He wrote, “Essays on Principles of Population”. Population will grow faster than food supply. War, famine, and disease will stop it. People are poor because people have too many babies.

· · David Ricardo- He wrote, “The Iron law of wages’ - supply and demand determine wages inversely. Wages will inevitably drop with the increase of pop and workers.

Supply of labor–>more workers–>low wages—>more unemployment.

Higher wages = more people want to work = 2 little jobs = wages decrease

Yes- Utilitarianism/socialism (reform, let everybody be equal)

(Totalitarianism - the political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to an absolute state authority – important to know)

UTILITARIANISM (?) – Theory that every act of a society should be judged by its usefulness.

SOCIALISM - The theory and system that says that the government should control production and business.

Utopian Socialism – Socialism based on the belief that people will surrender their property peacefully, invented by Thomas Moore.

Authoritarian Socialism - Socialism which comes to power by force, revolution, no human rights (like communism)

*Democratic Socialism - it is when the government takes over the means of production peacefully, but the peole retain basic human rights partial control of economic planning

Jeremy Bentham- He developed utilitarianism. He believed that the goal of society should be to achieve the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. Laws should be made and judged by their usefulness and the government should regulate business. (minimum wage is good) Ex- a useful law is one that brings happiness to the general populace.

Education is vital for people to know what is good for them and to help society prosper and advance.

John Stuart Mill- Thought that government should strive to accomplish the well being of citizens. People should only obey laws if they had a part in making them. Believed that all people are equal and should have the same voting rights and the right of free speech.

KARL MARX (edit)- communism/Marxism

wrote: The communist manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867)

Stages

Tribes à slavery à feudalism à Capitalism and Industrialism à Marx calls for Communism

Karl Marx believed that human civilization had passed through several stages. First, people lived in tribal communities and owned property and worked together. Then, as time progressed, slavery moved some people into the ownership of others who also owned all the property. Then came feudalism, in which a few powerful lords owned all the property, and serfs lived on it and worked, but they were not owned by the lords. Finally came capitalism, the stage Marx was looking at, in which everybody was free to own property, and some people owned tools and hired others to operate them. Marx believed that after this stage was over, the land, property and wealth would be evenly distributed throughout the population, and all would contribute what they could and would receive what they needed. He called this "pure communism", and, unfortunately, every attempt to institute it has failed miserably.

A. history - driving force of history was the economy

He believed that class struggles caused all the problems, social classes in conflict

"Haves"(bourgeoisie- owners) &"have nots" (proletariat- workers)

B. exploitation of the worker - owner cheats worker by taking all the wealth (profit) from the workers labor and paying the worker very little, therefore, workers should revolt and take control of the business and distribute profits equally. See C.

C. communist revolution

Worker revolt vs. owners. Abolish all private property. Make everyone equal, no government, let people rule themselves.

D. dictatorship of the proletariat. People will continue the means of production. Everyone will share in work and profits equally.

· · classless society

· · "state will vanish" - no government, only people, everybody is equal.

AIM: HOW DID THE CONDITIONS FOR THE WORKING CLASS IMPROVE?

Protesting

1. 1. Luddites – ran by a man named Ludd. They smashed machines to show their anger (“labor saving machines”)

2. 2. Chartists – People who by the Peoples charter of 1838; they wanted governmental reforms

3. 3. Women’s Suffrage – women wanted the right to vote and they went on strike.

Laws

Laws were written to ease child labor, also on sanitation and on working hours.

Unions

Unions are groups of people, usually that do the same job who stand together and work together in order to get things done, like increased wages etc., they all go out on strike instead of just a few people.

Union weapons – Sabotage, boycott, strike and sit-in (where people just sit down and stop working while on the job)

Collective bargaining – negotiation between union members and their management where all the union members get together as a single body to negotiate.

Owner/ business weapons –

1 - blacklist (a list that circulates between owners saying the names of people who shouldn’t get jobs because of reasons like union member or leader. )

2 - Injunction – where the owner gets a court order forcing the strikers back to work (usually only if the strike has an effect on public safety.)

3 – Lockout – the owner locks out his employees from working

AIM: INDUSRY AND NATIONALISM (1851 – 1876)

With the increase of industry and technology people became more closely associated with ones country causing nationalistic pride.

· · Transportation and communication expand

· · Socialists and reformers call for better working conditions and treatment

· · Nationalism increases national power

· · United States expands and North wins the civil war

· · Nationalists use wars to bring unity to Germany and Italy

· · It led to the expansion of the middle class and new jobs and better national banking systems

· · Also it increased political tensions between the nations of Europe and alliances were formed.

AIM: EUROPE AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

· · Increased education, communication and leisure give rise to mass culture

· · National tensions threatens war

· · Women gain voting rights and new job opportunities

· · New medical and scientific discoveries, some theories raise controversy

New inventions lead to the creation of steel, electricity, telephones, radios, cars and airplanes

AIM: How and why did the Europeans Imperialize the world?

Imperialism - The domination and control by one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country or region.

Countries’s Animal Symbols :

Britain - lion

Germany - vulture

China -dragon

France - rooster

US - eagle

Japan - cheetah

Russia - bear

Old Imperialism

Took place in the 15^th and 16^th centuries

Did not penetrate into the interior of the country or region

Just on coastline and ports

Very little influence on people’s lives

New Imperialism

Took place in 19^th century

conquered most of country or region - coastline, ports and interior

Influenced political, social and economic lives of the people

Controlled native population

Forced natives to adopt Western culture

Motives -

"White‑man's Burden"‑ The people of the western nations felt it was there mission to spread their advanced ideas to the nations that were different from them in technology, culture or religion. Rudyard Kipling wrote of the "white ‑man's Burden" in a poem describing their obligation to spread the Western culture through the world. Every advanced culture throughout the world felt every other country that was not like them was inferior and "backward."

Economical Motives

Imperialists wanted natural resources

Desire to expand markets and trade ($$$)

Desire to invest profits and make more money (Capitalism)

Outlet needed for growing population (More land)

Economies strengthened from the Industrial Revolution

Political and Military Motives

Bases needed for merchant and naval ships (refueling and re-supplying)

National Security ( Expanded lands, more protection)

Nationalism

Prestige of global empire

Strong centrally governed nation states wanted to expand

Social Motives

Desire to spread Christianity

Desire to share Western Civilization with the world

Belief in Social Darwinism (Only the best survive, take control of weak cultures and nations and teach them your (Western) ideas.

Increase in European self- confidence

Technological Causes for Imperialism

New medical knowledge - helped their own nation and then they wanted to spread it

Advances in weaponry

Advances in oversea travel

Paternalism - The system where stronger countries treat weaker countries like children - boss them around and try to make them think as they do

AIM: How Where The Colonies Controlled

Protectorate‑ colony in which the native ruler keeps his title, but officials of the foreign power actually controls his region.

Indirect Rule

Direct Rule

Local government officials were used

Goal was to develop future leaders using Imperialist knowledge

They had some self-rule

Government was based on Western style but many were allowed to also have local rulers govern Foreign officials were brought in to rule

No self rule

Goal was to impose Western culture

Government was based on Western style with foreign leaders controlling them entirely

More costly

More soldiers needed

AIM: HOW DID EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM INFLUENCE AFRICA?

I - Pre Colonialism

A. Europeans occupied mainly African coastline

B. Mostly were interested in the “slave trade”

C. Africa was considered the “Unknown”/ ”Dark” continent - NO one ventured to center because they didn’t know what was there - (desserts, mountains and rivers made it difficult to explore.)

II - Scramble for Africa (1880- 1914)

A. Interior Explorer - Dr. David Livingstone (1841 -1873)

“Christianity, commerce and Civilization” - reasons to explore Africa (spread these things)

Henry Stanley‑ Stanley was a journalist for the New York Herald. Henry Stanley was hired to find Dr. David Livingstone, who disappeared in Africa. In 1871 Stanley finally found Livingstone and publicized the possibilities of Imperialism in Africa. Stanley tried to interest Britain in the land he traveled but failed. He then turned to Leopold III of Belgium and he took 900,000 square miles for himself as his personal empire.

Cecil Rhodes‑ Cecil Rhodes was embarking into the interior of Africa from the British regions in South Africa. Rhodes went to northern Cape Colony in 1870, a sick man, searching for diamonds. He portrayed a talent for business and organization. Within 20 years he controlled the diamond production in South Africa. Rhodes built a colony up north, named after him, Rhodesia. In 1890 he sent hundreds of miners to Rhodesia in search of gold but when none was found he had to make up for the loss in the Transvaal mines. In 1895 a friend of Cecil Rhodes tried to overthrow the Transvaal government, which had opposed mining. The attempt failed but since Great Britain was in favor of the overthrow of the government war broke out between the Boers and Great Britain.

B. Why is the interior suddenly explored?

Better technology

Better medicine

Need for natural resources (because of the Industrial Revolution)

C. Countries Involved

Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain

There were 2 countries who weren’t taken over - Liberia (country created by freed American slaves) and Ethiopia (They embraced the new technology and fought back and beat Italy)

Leopold III‑ Leopold's only interest in conquering Congo was for wealth. He formed a corporation of exploiters who shared in his plan of taking advantage of their natural rubber. Leopold through out African's of their homes and forced them to collect rubber. Large regions were demolished and trees were not replanted for the future. As a result of the falling price of rubber in the world and the depletion in Congo, Leopold gave over his land to the Belgium government in 1908.

Boers‑ As the British became established in South Africa, many people left the colony and moved to the north and to the east. These people were called the Boers, or descendants of the original Dutch settlers who were pushed off by the British. The Boers lived in three colonies; Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal. The Boers came into contact with the Zulu people who lived in the region. The two people were fighting for the control of the land. In 1879 the British joined the Boer's forces and defeated the Zulus, destroying their empire.

Afrikaans‑ the Afrikaans were the original Dutch who lived in South Africa, who had their own language. To guarantee peace, the British allowed the Boers to continue using the Afrikaans's language in their schools and courts.

D. Berlin Conference

All European countries met and split up Africa in order to avoid war. African countries were not involved.

E - What did Africa gain and lose?

Africa got better medicine and technology.

They got some schooling

They were schooled with Western ideas

They lost their independence

Families were split up

Tribal tension stopped when the Europeans were there but got worse when they left because tribes were divided under different European rulers.

III - Effect of the Berlin Conference

1 - It created artificial boundaries

Tribes were forced to live together - created conflict among the tribes

Tribalism - There was loyalty to a tribe, not a nation - eventually civil war

Tribes were split up among many nations

2 - Other Effects

Africans lost right to rule themselves

Africans were forced to adopt European custom, language and ways of life

African farmers lost their lands to the Europeans They were forced to grow cash crops, which was bad for soil and made the economy depended on just one crop, if there was a problem one season, there was no crops, no money and no food.

Africans were exploited and forced to work for low wages (Ex: South African diamond mines)

Africans were forced to pay taxed but could not vote

AIM: HOW DID BRITISH IMPERIALISM INFLUENCE INDIA

“ The sun never sets on the British Empire. ” - Symbolizes that the British had colonies all over the world, wherever the sun was shining at the time, the British had a colony in the area.

“[ India ] The brightest jewel on the British Crown” - India was he most profitable colony for Britain

Spices

Silk

Tea

Cotton

Jute (make rope)

Opium ( used in Opium Wars with China)

Dyes (Indigo)

1763 - British east India Company (joint stock company owned by British investors) took over control of part of India

Controlled government

Divide and Conquer strategy - keep what you conquer

created an army - soldiers were Hindus and Muslims - SEPOY

Built trading posts

They built factories

Built railroads and telegraph lines

They ended wars between local rulers and prevented many Hindu-Muslim conflicts

They established schools - good because of increased education, bad because it was teaching Western culture, not Indian

They dammed rivers and built canals.

Problem: Britain forbid weaving their own cotton which put many people out of work and farmers stopped plating food crops, leading to hunger and starvation.

1836 - British Imposed New Laws

Made English the official language

British missionaries came

They made equality of castes

They outlawed Shutti - The ceremony where the widow jumps into the of her husbands ashes at his funeral.

1857 - Sepoy Mutiny (Revolt)

There was a rumor that the British put pig fat on the tips of their new guns were they had to bite. Licking animal fat is against their religion and therefore they used it as a pretext (reason) to revolt. The British crushed the rebellion.

1858 - British government seizes control of all of India

British used India as a market o sell their goods and India was a good source of raw materials

1869 - Suez Canal Opens

Shipping becomes much faster, faster trade route.

British flood India with cheap, machine made goods

India’s domestic system is ruined

British taxed all goods manufactured in India

AIM: HOW DID FOREIGN POWERS CARVE UP CHINA?

I - Pre 1900's

Manchu Emperors

1 -Isolated China

2 - They weren’t interested din Western ideas. They considered foreigners barbarians.

3 - China was considered the “Middle Kingdom” - They believed that they were the center of the world. They were ethnocentric - believed that they are superior to every one else.

II - Why foreign interests in China?

Large market - big population

Good resources - (see below)

Tea, silk

Tin, Iron, coal and porcelain

III - Foreigners were faced with an unfavorable balance of trade

China was selling more then it was buying. British were buying more then they were selling/.

British began to give Opium to the Chinese. They got addicted and the Chinese bought more and traded for more.

They grew the Opium in India and transported it to China.

Chinese government was furious because the emperor’s daughter died of an overdose.

Led to the Opium War

IV- Opium War - 1835

British won and forced Chinese to sign the Treaty of Nan-King in 1842

V - Treaty of Nan-King - 1842

China had to pay all war damages

China had to open up 4 ports to the British

China gave the British Hong- Kong (1898 - signed 99 year lease - up in 1997)

China gave the British Extra territorial rights -rights to foreigners - if a foreigner is accused of a crime, he is tried in a British court (or person’s country’s court) instead of China’s. It is a big embarrassment.

VI - Taiping Rebellion

Some Chinese revolt, Manchu asks foreigners for help. Foreigners helped but stayed and took lands in China, carving out spheres of influence for themselves.

VII - Spheres of Influence

They are areas within a country where foreigners have exclusive trading rights.

VIII - Open Door Policy

Proposed by the United States. It says that anyone can trade anywhere. (In China)

IV - Boxer Rebellion

In 1900, a Chinese group called the “Harmonious Fists” (Boxers) tried to get rid of all that was foreign, goods, people and technology. - It failed.

AIM: HOW DID JAPAN RESIST BEING IMPERIALISED AND BECOME A WORLD POWER BY TAKING OVER COUNTRIES THEMSELVES?

In the 1600's, Japan shut its doors to foreigners. They were able to because Japan is an island and people could only enter through boats.

People wanted to use Japan as a market to sell goods because

1 -Japan is strategically located. (In the Pacific Ocean.)

2 -Population is concentrated - business spreads fast

1853

Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo harbor. He brought gifts including guns, gold and a mini railroad.

His Mission - To open trade and harbors for refueling ships and to allow the US to establish an embassy in Japan.

1854 - Treaty of Kanagawa

Japan agreed to open 2 ports so that US ships can take on supplies and refuel. US was also given permission to establish an embassy in Japan.

1860

Japan granted foreigners permission to trade at the treaty ports.

1867

Tagukawa shogun forced to step down. Japanese were angered at the shogun for allowing in foreigners. They feared that they were losing control of the country.

Meiji Restoration (1867)

Emperor Mutshuto, “Meiji”

His rule was called the “Enlightened Rule”. He was only 15 when he took power.

His Goal - To modernize Japan but to keep its culture - Selective Borrowing. He brought in foreigners to teach them technology, military and education but eventually Japan became independent of foreign teaching.

Japan became an Imperial government

Social class system was abandoned - all people were allowed to choose their jobs

Every citizen had to serve in the army

All Japanese can bear arms, not just Samurai

Taxed everyone

1880's - Constitution was accepted by Emperor

People had a limited voice in the government

Emperor had supreme power but 2 houses were established and called the Diet. It had some power.

The modernization satisfied Japan and helped them catch up to the West.

Japanese Industrialization

1858 - First steamship

1859 - First foreign lone, with the British

1869 - First telegraph

1872 - First Railroad completed

1872 - First textile (fabric) factories spring up

1900 - Foreign trade totals $200 million/year (1854 = $0)

The Japanese borrowed and copied the West and tried to improve on their products while maintaining their own culture.

They became Imperialists and took over other nations

WHY DID JAPAN BECOME AN IMPERIALIST ?

The wanted to prove to the Europeans that they were of the big boys.

They were 80% mountains and had very little natural resources.

They needed farmland because population was growing. They took over Korea and Manchuria because they had farmland.

The Japanese had a fight with the Russians over Korea and Manchuria, Japan won, proved they were for real.

AIM: HOW DID FOREIGN NATIONS CONTROL LATIN AMERICA ?

Europeans controlled Latin America for a long time and many countries wanted their independence.

Most colonies were Spanish or Portugese.

There were different social classes, you could not change your class - (similar to the caste system in India)

At the top was the :

Peninsulares - people who were born in Europe --> then

Creoles - people who were born in Latin America but of European decent --> then

Mestizos - ½ European and ½ Latin American --> then

Native Americans --> then

African slaves

There was no social mobility

Creoles vs. Peninsulares

They wanted independence from Europe because:

abuse and harsh treatment by Spanish - The Creoles had no rights

Revolutionary ideas - American and French revolutions (1776 and 1789)

Napoleonic Wars made Spain weak, they didn’t have the time or the power to control their colonies.

Uprising in Spanish Latin America

Revolutionaries	Leaders	Results
Enslaved Africans	Francois Toussaint Louvertore	Independence in 1803
Native Americans and Mestizos	Hidalgo and Morelos	Independence in 1801
Volunteer Army	Simon Bolivar	Freed Venezuela, Panama, Bolivia and Ecuador

Post revolution/ Impendence

large gap between rich (hacienda large estates) and poor

no history of political participation

military dictators took over

Why interested in Latin America? (US interest)

A lot of resources

Panama Canal

US neighbors

Economic Imperialism - US businesses and companies controlled large parts of Latin America because if its vast resources. It is when a company control an area instead of a government. (Goodyear tires controlled parts of Latin America.)

In Latin America they failed to develop industrially and asked the Europeans for help. They gave them loans and when Latin American nations failed to pay back te loans, countries sent armies in to force them to pay the loans back to the banks. Eventually, The US got mad the Europeans for invading the Western Hemisphere and the Roosevelt Corollary was added to the Monroe Doctrine. It added that the US would act like a police for the Western Hemisphere and would get Latin American countries to pay back loans instead of Europeans sending in troops.

Monroe Doctrine - 1820 - President Monroe declared that the US would assist all colonies. Although they would not interfere with any existing colonies, but if Europe interferes with any other lands, the US would react on it and protect their American neighbors.

Roosevelt Corollary‑ (addition to the Monroe Doctrine) Roosevelt in 1904 state if any situation threatened the independence any country in the Western Hemisphere the U.S. would act like an, "international peace power." Roosevelt's law to safeguard the Panama Canal was called into power a few times in the later years. Latin America was angry that they couldn't manage their own countries. So the minister of Argentina, Luis Draco made a statement denying the right to any European or American right to collect foreign debts. This was known as the Draco Doctrine.

Arbitration‑ negotiation for the settlement of a dispute by a party agreed upon by all sides. The US made themselves the arbitrator for the Latin Americans and Europeans.

AIM: RESULTS OF IMPERIALISM

A money economy replaced the barter system throughout the world

The economy became a world economy

Made local economies dependant on their colonizers - they worked in the mines and factories to earn money and pay taxes.

Many countries were modernized and technology was introduced throughout the world

Better medical care worldwide

Better transportation worldwide.

Westernization - Western culture spread throughout the world - Western superiority

Better education but Western ideas were taught

Christianity spread because of the missionaries

New economies - factories and industrialization

However, by the 1900's colonies wanted freedom and often revolted. Many colonies got their freedom in the 1900's.

All profits went to Europeans

Companies and governments exploited the colonies and stole their natural resources and raw materials.

Heavy taxed were placed on the colonies

People suffered and starved because crops were grown for export and to make money. People stopped growing food for themselves and famine killed many people.

Old economies were ruined. Like in India, they had a domestic system economy and British flooded their markets iwth cheap machine made goods which costed many Indians their jobs.